Procedimentos dolorosos agudos no recém-nascido pré-termo em uma unidade neonatal / Acute painful procedures pain in the preterm newborn in a neonatal unit / Procedimientos dolorosos agudos en el recién nacido pre-término en una unidad neonatal

Objetivo: analisar o número de procedimentos dolorosos agudos e manejo da dor em recém-nascidos pré-termo em uma unidade neonatal. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal. Teve como campo uma unidade neonatal de uma instituição pública de saúde. Os participantes da pesquisa foram recém-nascidos abaixo de 35 semanas. Resultados: foram incluídos 17 recémnascidos. Foi quantificado um total de 729 procedimentos dolorosos. Em média foram realizados 42,9 procedimentos por recém-nascido durante os primeiros 14 dias de vida, sendo aproximadamente três procedimentos realizados por bebê no serviço diurno. Dentre os procedimentos, o mais frequente foi a punção de calcâneo (23,9%). O manejo predominante foi a contenção facilitada (32,7%). A (re)inserção de pronga foi o segundo procedimento mais realizado. Conclusões: O estudo permitiu apreender que o manejo da dor no recém-nascido pré-termo internado em uma unidade neonatal ainda é um desafio

Objective: to analyze the number of acute painful procedures and pain management in preterm infants in a neonatal unit. Method: a cross-sectional and descriptive study. It was conducted in a neonatal unit of a public health institution. The newborns younger than 35 weeks were the participants in the survey. Results: seventeen preterm newborns were included. A total of 729 painful procedures were quantified. On average, 42.9 procedures per newborn were performed during the first 14 days of birth, and approximately three procedures performed per day service by child. The most common procedure was the hell-stick (23.9%). The predominant management was facilitated tucking (32.7%). The CPAP prongs insertion/reinsertion was the second most performed procedure. Conclusions: The present study showed that the management of pain in the preterm newborns in a neonatal unit is strongly neglected by the professionals

Objetivo: analizar el número de procedimientos dolorosos agudos y manejo del dolor en recién nacidos prematuros en una unidad neonatal. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal. Tuvo como campo una unidad neonatal de una institución pública de salud. Los participantes de la investigación fueron recién nacidos por debajo de 35 semanas. Resultados: se incluyeron 17 recién nacidos. Se cuantificó un total de 729 procedimientos dolorosos. En promedio se realizaron 42,9 procedimientos por recién nacido durante los primeros 14 días de vida, siendo acerca de tres procedimientos realizados por bebé en el servicio diurno. Entre los procedimientos, el más frecuente fue la punción de calcáneo (23,9%). El manejo predominante fue la contención facilitada (32,7%). La (re) inserción de prong fue el segundo procedimiento más realizado. Conclusiones: El estudio permitió aprehender que el manejo del dolor en el recién nacidos prematuros internado en una unidad neonatal se muestra fuertemente descuidado por el equipo.

Postoperative local incision analgesia for acute pain treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

Summary Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the analgesic effect and safety of using local incision analgesia to treat acute postoperative pain in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Method: A cohort of 60 patients undergoing liver cancer resection was randomly divided into three groups (n=20 per group): local incision analgesia (LIA) group, which received local infiltration with ropivacaine combined with a postoperative analgesia pump; intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) group, which received fentanyl intravenous analgesia postoperatively; and the control group, which received tramadol hydrochloride injection postoperatively according to the NRS scoring system. The postoperative analgesic effect in each group was compared and tumor recurrence (survival) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: NRS scores, rate of analgesic usage, ambulation time (h) and intestinal function recovery time (h) were significantly reduced in LIA group compared with the control group at each postoperative time point (6, 12, 24 and 48 hours; p<0.05). Additionally, the NRS scores of LIA patients at 12 hours post-surgery was significantly reduced compared with PCA group (p<0.05), and the occurrence of postoperative adverse events in LIA group was significantly lower than that in PCA group (p<0.05). Survival analysis demonstrated that the mean survival time (tumor recurrence) was significantly increased in LIA group compared with the control group (χ2=4.749; p=0.029). Conclusion: Local incision analgesia improves the analgesic effect, causes fewer adverse reactions and increases postoperative survival time. Our study demonstrated that local incision analgesia is a safe and effective method of postoperative pain management following hepatectomy.

Atención del dolor en el paciente politraumatizado en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" / Pain management in the multi-trauma patient in ¨Dr Carlos J. Finlay¨ central military hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: los traumatismos se han relacionado siempre con el dolor como síntoma acompañante que influye negativamente en la evolución del paciente. OBJETIVO: valorar la atención a los pacientes politraumatizados en lo referente a la evaluación y tratamiento del dolor. MÉTODO: se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, de enero a diciembre de 2013, en una muestra de 60 pacientes que ingresaron con diagnóstico de politrauma, en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Se emplearon como descriptores estadísticos medidas de resumen de los datos cualitativos (razones y proporciones). RESULTADOS: el 83,3 % de los pacientes refirió dolor al menos una vez durante el ingreso; en 51,7 % se le evaluó el síntoma, utilizando la escala verbal simple en el 26,7 %; en el resto no se usó ninguna escala. Los antinflamatorios no esteroideos se indicaron en todos los casos, con gran variabilidad en relación a las dosificaciones e intervalos de administración. Fue escasa el uso de opioides (6,7 %), ketamina (3,4 %), anestésicos locales (3,4 %) y coadyuvantes (1,7 %). Prevaleció la indicación a demanda, administrándose la analgesia en este grupo en el 46,7 %. No se evaluó la reducción del dolor en el 50 % de los casos en que se administró la analgesia, constatándose su reducción solo en el 42,9 %. En el 91,7 % de la muestra se valoró el tratamiento como inadecuado. CONCLUSIONES: la evaluación y el tratamiento analgésico son inadecuados, confirmando la necesidad de implementar estrategias para mejorar el control del dolor en el trauma.

INTRODUCTION: trauma has been related always with pain as an accompanist symptom that affects negatively the evolution of the patient. This work aspire to value the attention to polytrauma patient refers to evaluation and treatment of the pain. METHODS: an observational, retrospective, transversal study was made, since January until December of 2013. The sample was 60 patients received in "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Military Central Hospital with polytrauma. Stadistics measures descriptors were employed (reasons and proportions). RESULTS: the 83.3 % of the patients reports pain, at least one time during the intern; only 56.0 % of these were evaluated; in 51.7 % of the sample were evaluated the symptom; in 26.7 % of the sample was used a verbal scale; the rest of the patients were no evaluated. In all of cases were used non-steroids anti-inflammatory drugs, with doses and administration intervals vary. The use of opioids (6.7 %), ketamina (3.4 %), local anesthesics (3.4 %) and support drugs (1.7 %) were poor. Prevail the demand indication (88.3 %), using indicate analgesia in 46.7 % of the sample. The reduction of pain was evaluated in 50.0 % of cases that received analgesia; verify it only in 42.9 % of patients. In 91.7 % of the sample was valued the treatment as inadecuated. CONCLUTIONS: the evaluation and treatment of pain is deficient, confirm the necessity of implement strategies of properties actuations.

Examining the side effects of sucrose for pain relief in preterm infants: a case-control study

Sucrose solution is recommended as relevant pain relief management in neonates during acute painful procedures; however, only a few studies have analyzed the potentially adverse effects of sucrose administration to preterm neonates. The goal of this study was to examine the potential side effects of sucrose for pain relief in preterm infants, assessing feeding and weight gain during hospitalization and their feeding patterns postdischarge. The study sample consisted of 43 preterm neonates divided into two groups: a sucrose group (SG, n=18) and a control group (CG, n=25) in which no sucrose was administered. The SG received 0.5 mL/kg 25% oral sucrose for 2 min prior to all acute painful procedures during three consecutive days. A prospective review of medical charts was performed for all samples. The study was done prior to implementation of the institutional sucrose guidelines as a routine service, and followed all ethical requirements. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of weight gain, length of stay with orogastric tubes, and parenteral feeding. Postdischarge, infant nutritional intake included feeding human milk to 67% of the SG and 74% of the CG. There were no statistically significant differences between groups regarding human milk feeding patterns postdischarge. Neonate feeding patterns and weight gain were unaffected following the short-term use of sucrose for pain relief.

Factors Affecting Unused Remaining Volume of Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia in Patients Following Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the factors affecting the unused remaining volume of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) in patients who had undergone laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively collected patient records from pre-existing PCA log sheets from 98 patients. Surgical factors and IV PCA-related data including remaining volume, administration duration, early discontinuation (yes or no), and adverse reactions were recorded. Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression were applied for data analysis. RESULTS: The average age of the 98 patients was 40.0 +/- 8.24 years. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and early discontinuation were not statistically significant among the different surgical groups (p = .540 and p = .338, respectively). Twenty-eight patients wanted discontinuation of IV PCA and the remaining volume was 33.6 +/- 7.8 mL (range 20-55 mL). The significant determinants of remaining volume were whether IV PCA was discontinued due to PONV and duration of surgery (p < .001). The surgical duration was inversely correlated with the remaining volume. CONCLUSION: Early discontinuation of IV PCA due to PONV is a major contributing factor to wastage of medicine. Prevention and treatment of PONV is needed to encourage patients to maintain PCA use for pain control.

Biochemical toxicity induced by tramadol administration in male rats

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic used for treatment of moderate to severe pain. There has been some controversy regarding the dependence lability of long- term use of this medication. The present work was conducted to assess the biochemical toxicity profiles of tramadol during therapeutic use. Liver and kidney functions, sex hormones activity and some metabolic parameters were studied in male rats. Rats were divided into three groups. Group one received vehicle [saline], group two and three received oral doses of tramadol equal to 40 mg and 80 mg / kg body weight / day respectively for a month followed by 10 days recovery period. Biochemical measurements were carried out every 10 days. There was significant increase in the levels of serum aminotransferases [ALT, AST], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine and lipid peroxide [MDA] in both tramadol groups. In contrast, serum glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly reduced. Tramadol significantly reduced serum luteinizing hormone [LH], follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], testosterone and cortisol, but elevated prolactin [PRL] and estradiol [E[2]] in male rats specially at 20 and 30 days of treatment. After 10 days recovery, 80 mg tramadol group remained significantly different compared to control one. The present finding pointed out the risk of increased lipid peroxidatin, hepatic and renal damage and sexual dysfunction. Tramadol toxic effects should be kept in mind during long term therapy specially in large doses